How to put ads on your blog 

and make money

1. How to put ads on Blogger?
2. How to put adsense ad below the post title in Blogger posts?
3. How to place ad after first paragraph in Blogger posts?

Follow the below step by step process to put ads within the posts in Blogger.
Step 1:

Even I have searched these queries when I was using Blogger Blog. I visited many blogs but they didn’t give me solution as per my requirement. So then I have developed my own script which solved all the above queries. I thought this may help you also. So I am sharing that code and procedure with you. This script can place maximum of 3 different types of Adsense ads in your Blogger posts where ever you want to show.

Blogger -> Template -> Edit HTML
Login to Blogger.
Then go to Template and then click on Edit HTML button. Check out below screenshot.

Step 2:

Search for the below code in your template HTML.
<data:post.body/>
You may find this multiple times. But you need to stop at the second search result from the top of the template.
Next you have to replace the above said <data:post.body/> with below script.

<div id='jobmiddlenew'> <data:post.body/> </div>
<b:if cond='data:blog.pageType == &quot;item&quot;'>
<style> #addcode1{display: none;} </style>
<div id='addcode1'>
<!--Place your parsed Ad code 1-->
</div>
<style> #addcode2{display: none;} </style>
<div id='addcode2'>
<!--Place your parsed Ad code 2-->
</div>
<style> #addcode3{display: none;} </style>
<div id='addcode3'>
<!--Place your parsed Ad code 3-->
</div>
<script type='text/javascript'>
var ad1=&quot;<center>&quot;+document.getElementById(&quot;addcode1&quot;).innerHTML+&quot;</center><br/>&quot;;
var ad2=&quot;<center>&quot;+document.getElementById(&quot;addcode2&quot;).innerHTML+&quot;</center><br/>&quot;;
var ad3=&quot;<center>&quot;+document.getElementById(&quot;addcode3&quot;).innerHTML+&quot;</center><br/>&quot;;
var str1=document.getElementById(&quot;jobmiddlenew&quot;).innerHTML;
var str2=str1.length;
var n1 = str1.search("<!--adcode1-->");
var firstpart1 = str1.substring(0, n1);
var secondpart1 = str1.substring(n1+14, str2);
if(n1&lt;0){ var newbody1=str1;}
else{ var newbody1=firstpart1+ad1+secondpart1; }
var str3=newbody1.length;
var n2 = newbody1.search("<!--adcode2-->");
var firstpart2 = newbody1.substring(0, n2);
var secondpart2 = newbody1.substring(n2+14, str3);
if(n2&lt;0){ var newbody2=newbody1; }
else{ var newbody2=firstpart2+ad2+secondpart2; }
var str4=newbody2.length;
var n3 = newbody2.search("<!--adcode3-->");
var firstpart3 = newbody2.substring(0, n3);
var secondpart3 = newbody2.substring(n3+14, str4);
if(n3&lt;0){ var newbody3=newbody2; }
else { var newbody3=firstpart3+ad3+secondpart3; }
var strnew=document.getElementsByClassName(&quot;post-body entry-content&quot;);
strnew[0].innerHTML=newbody3;
document.getElementById(&quot;addcode1&quot;).innerHTML=&quot;&quot;;
document.getElementById(&quot;addcode2&quot;).innerHTML=&quot;&quot;;
document.getElementById(&quot;addcode3&quot;).innerHTML=&quot;&quot;;
</script>
</b:if> 

Step 3:

Next step is you have to parse your Adsense ad codes. Click here to use html to xml parser to parse your Adsense ad code. Parsing Adsense code looks like below image.

Next you have to replace <!–Place your parsed Ad code 1–>, <!–Place your parsed Ad code 2–> and <!–Place your parsed Ad code 3–> in the script code with your 3 parsed adsense ad codes of your choice. You can use 1 or 2 or 3 ad codes. This is completely your choice.
Now save the template. You have done the changes in your Blogger Template successfully.
All the steps are done. Now you can use the above adsense ad codes in within your blog posts. But you need to do one more step. Check below.

Every time while you creating blogger posts switch to HTML type and then put <!–adcode1–>, <!–adcode2–>and <!–adcode3–> for the respective Adsense ads in your post where ever you want to show ads. Check below screenshot.

Copy from below and paste them in your blogger template because these are case sensitive and also there should not be any extra characters with these codes.

<!--adcode1-->,<!--adcode2-->,<!--adcode3-->

If you want show 3 ads in blogger post then use all <!–adcode1–>, <!–adcode2–> and <!–adcode3–>.
If you want show 2 ads in blogger post then use combination of 2 of <!–adcode1–>, <!–adcode2–> and <!–adcode3–> as of your choice.
If you want show only 1 ad in blogger post then use any one of <!–adcode1–>, <!–adcode2–> and <!–adcode3–>.

If you put any one adcode from <!–adcode1–>, <!–adcode2–> and <!–adcode3–> at the starting of the post itself it will show the ad below the post title.

By following the above step by step process you can easily display ads where ever you want in Blogger post. You can edit and make changes in the above script code as per your requirement. This trick works for all Blogger Templates. If you have any queries let us know through comments.

Edited by: FL Media Group.

Did you know that happiness has its own holiday!

" Happiness is not something ready made. It comes from your own actions. --Dalai Lama "

Four years ago, the General Assembly of the United Nations proclaimed March 20 to be the International Day of Happiness. It’s easy to understand why they see happiness as something to celebrate: Happy people are healthier; they get sick less often and live longer. Happy people are more likely to get married and have fulfilling marriages, and they have more friends. They make more money and are more productive at work. Based on decades of research, it has become clear that happiness is not just a personal issue; it’s a matter of public health, global economics, and national well-being.

But it doesn’t come easy, as most of us know. Disappointments and annoyances grab our attention like gnats, and even the good things in life seem to lose their luster over time. Add to that a crammed schedule and mounting obligations, and happiness might just seem out of reach—achievable for other people, perhaps, but not us.

Fortunately, research suggests that happiness is something we can cultivate with practice. The Greater Good Science Center has collected many happiness practices on our website Greater Good in Action, alongside other research-based exercises for fostering kindness, connection, and resilience. Below are 11 of those happiness practices, grouped into five broader strategies for a more fulfilling life.

1. Acknowledge the good

If we don’t feel happy, it’s tempting to look for things to fix: the job that isn’t prestigious enough, the apartment that’s too cramped, our partner’s annoying habit. But focusing on all the negatives isn’t the surest route to feeling better. Instead, a simple way to start cultivating happiness is by recognizing the good.

In the Three Good Things exercise, for example, you keep a journal devoted solely to the positives in your life. Each evening, you write down three things that went well and add some detail about each, including how they made you feel. For example, you might recall a heartfelt thank you from a coworker, a quiet moment drinking tea, or your daughter’s infectious laughter. Importantly, you also briefly explain why you think each good thing happened—which focuses your attention on the enduring sources of goodness that surround you.

A 2005 study invited participants to do this practice daily for a week, and afterward they reported feeling happier and less depressed than when they started. In fact, they maintained their happiness boost six months later, illustrating how impactful it can be to focus on the good things in life.

Many of those good things lie just outside our doorstep, and we can practice noticing them on a Savoring Walk. Here, you take a 20-minute walk and observe the sights, sounds, and smells you encounter—freshly cut grass, an epic skyscraper, a stranger’s smile. Each time you notice something positive, take the time to absorb it and think about why you enjoy it. On your subsequent Savoring Walks, strike out in different directions to seek new things to admire.

In a study by Fred Bryant of Loyola University Chicago, participants who took Savoring Walks daily for a week reported greater increases in happiness than participants who went for walks as usual. “Making a conscious effort to notice and explicitly acknowledge the various sources of joy around us can make us happier,” write Bryant and Joseph Veroff in the book Savoring.

If you have trouble seeing the good that’s already around you, another strategy is to create some. In Creating and Recalling Positive Events, you carve out time for yourself and fill your schedule with enjoyment.

When you have a day free, don’t rush around doing chores; instead, try three different happy activities:

Something you do alone, such as reading, listening to music, or meditating.

Something you do with others, such as going out for coffee, riding your bike, or watching a movie.

Something meaningful, such as volunteering, helping a neighbor in need, or calling a friend who’s struggling.

If your go-to happiness practice has been Netflix and a bowl of ice cream, this exercise can reconnect you with different sources of satisfaction. These three activities should offer you a sense of pleasure, engagement, and meaning, all viable paths to a satisfying life. A 2014 study found that even psychiatric patients with suicidal thoughts found value in doing this exercise, reporting more optimism and less hopelessness afterward.

2. Add happiness through subtraction


Even after we identify the positives in our life, we’re still prone to adapting to them over time. A good thing repeated brings us less satisfaction, until it no longer seems to contribute to our day-to-day mood at all; we take it for granted. That’s why, sometimes, it’s a good idea to introduce a little deprivation. 


In Mental Subtraction of Positive Events, you call to mind a certain positive event—the birth of a child, a career achievement, a special trip—and think of all the circumstances that made it possible. How could things have turned out differently? Just taking a moment to imagine this alternate reality creates a favorable comparison, where suddenly our life looks quite good.

In a 2008 study, participants who performed this exercise reported feeling more gratitude and other positive emotions than participants who simply thought about past positive events without imagining their absence. Mental Subtraction seems to jolt us into the insight that the good things in our lives aren’t inevitable; we are, in fact, very lucky.

If imagining absence isn’t quite enough for you, what about experiencing it for real? In the Give It Uppractice, you spend a week abstaining from a pleasure in order to appreciate it more fully. This pleasure should be something that’s relatively abundant in your life, such as eating chocolate or watching TV. At the end of the week, when you can finally indulge, pay special attention to how it feels.

In a 2013 study, people who gave up chocolate savored it more and experienced a more positive mood when they finally ate it at the end of the week, compared with people who ate chocolate as usual. This exercise may not only open your eyes to a single pleasure (like the miracle of cacao), but make you more conscious of life’s many other pleasures, too.

3. Find meaning and purpose

Creating and Recalling Positive Events reminds us that pleasure isn’t the only path to bliss; meaning can also bring us happiness, albeit a quieter and more reflective kind.

In the Meaningful Photos practice, you take pictures of things that are meaningful to you and reflect on them. Over the course of a week, look out for sources of meaning in your life—family members, favorite spots, childhood mementos—and capture about nine or ten different images of them. At the end of the week, spend an hour reflecting on them: What does each photo represent, and why is it meaningful to you? Jot down some of those thoughts if it’s helpful.

Amid the chores and routines, life can sometimes feel dull and mundane. Reigniting our sense of meaning can remind us what’s important, which boosts our energy and gives us strength to face life’s stresses. In a 2013 study, college students who completed this exercise not only boosted their sense of meaning, but also reported greater positive emotions and life satisfaction as well.

We can also boost our energy and motivation by fostering a sense of purpose, and the Best Possible Selfexercise is one way to do that. Here, you journal for 15 minutes about an ideal future in which everything is going as well as possible, from your family and personal life to your career and health.

In a 2006 study, participants who wrote about their Best Possible Selves daily for two weeks reported greater positive emotions afterward, and their mood continued increasing up to a month later if they kept up the practice.

This exercise allows us to clarify our goals and priorities, painting a detailed picture of where we want to be. This picture should be ambitious but realistic so that it motivates us to make changes, rather than reminding us how imperfect and disappointing our lives are now. When we reflect on our future this way, we may feel more in control of our destiny.

4. Use your strengths

Just as we hunt for things to fix in life, we also tend to obsess over flaws in ourselves; our weaknesses loom large. But what if we put more time and attention into our strengths and positive attributes?

The Use Your Strengths exercise invites you to consider your strengths of character—from creativity and perseverance to kindness and humility—and put them into practice. Each day for a week, select a strength and make a plan to use it in a new and different way. You can repeat the same strength—directing your curiosity toward a work project one day and toward your partner’s interests the next—or work on different strengths each day. At the end of the week, synthesize the experience by writing about what you did, how it made you feel, and what you learned.

In a 2005 study, participants who engaged in this exercise for a week reported feeling happier and less depressed, and that happiness boost lasted up to six months. Use Your Strengths may help us transfer skills between home and work—applying our professional creativity to our children’s school assignments or our domestic kindness to our co-workers—and give us a confidence boost all around.

5. Connect with others

The practices above invite us to turn inward, tinkering with our attitudes and the way we view the world. But decades of science also suggest that turning outward and connecting to the people around us is one of the surest routes to happiness.

As a first step, you can try an adapted version of the Best Possible Self exercise for relationships to give you insights into what kinds of social connection you desire. In an ideal life, what would your relationships with your spouse, family, and friends look like?

One way to feel an immediate boost of connection is through Random Acts of Kindness. Random Acts of Kindness don’t have to be flashy or extravagant; they can be as simple as helping a friend with a chore or making breakfast for your partner. You can also extend your circle of kindness to strangers and community members, feeding a parking meter or offering a meal to someone in need.

In a 2005 study, participants who performed five acts of kindness on one day a week for six weeks reported increases in happiness. (This didn’t happen when they spread out their acts of kindness across the week, perhaps because a single kind act may not feel noteworthy on its own.) Researchers also suggest varying your acts of kindness over time to keep the practice fresh and dynamic.

Some of your acts of kindness may involve giving, and the Make Giving Feel Good practice helps ensure that giving does, indeed, bring happiness. Researchers Elizabeth Dunn and Michael Norton, among others, have found evidence that being kind and generous does make us happier, but they’ve also found that acts of giving are most effective when they meet these three criteria:

It’s a choice: Give because you choose to, not because you feel pressured or obligated to.

You connect: Giving can be an opportunity to make connections with the people you’re helping, so choose activities where you get to spend time with recipients, like helping a friend move or volunteering at a soup kitchen.

You see the impact: If you’re donating money, for example, don’t just give and move on. Find out what your money will be used for—like new classroom supplies or a cooking stove.

In a 2011 study, participants were offered a $10 Starbucks gift card to use in different ways: They either gave it to someone, gave it to someone and joined them for a drink, or used it on themselves while drinking with a friend. The ones who gave the card away and spent time with the recipient—connecting with them and seeing the impact of giving—felt happiest afterward.

Of course, the pursuit of happiness isn’t all sunshine and rainbows and mugs of tea and smiling children. Sometimes we need to tackle our insecurities and weaknesses, and we can’t just ignore our draining jobs and nagging relatives. But the practices here represent the other side of the coin, the one we often neglect: seeing, appreciating, and mobilizing the good.

Edited by: FL Media Group

كيفية ربط حسابي في BLOGGER بالمجال DOMAIN

Champions League: #RealMadrid v #ManchesterCity

Zidane has said that not reaching the final would represent ‘failure’ for Madrid. Pellegrini, on the other hand, just wants his team to do themselves justice on the big stage, insisting that being underdogs does not matter to them.

‘Our motivation is not linked to that, it’s to try to reach a final that we haven’t done before,’ he said. ‘We play against a great team like Real Madrid in beautiful stadium. That motivates me more than who is the best team and reaches the final. We trust ourselves and hope we can prove it tomorrow.

‘Real Madrid history and Manchester City history is very different. For me it would be a failure not to get to the final if the team didn’t have a performance they could have. If Madrid overwhelm us we will congratulate them. I hope it will be us going through.’

Gareth Bale of Real Madrid CF hurdles the challenge from Jesus Navas of Manchester City during the UEFA Champions League Semi Final first leg match between Manchester City FC and Real Madrid at the Etihad Stadium on April 26, 2016 in Manchester, United Kingdom.

‘If he doesn’t play they have other options. We must defend and attack as a team, not just against Cristiano but against Real Madrid.

‘I think he’s a great professional. There was a meeting between him, the manager and doctor, and if they say he can play I’m sure he’s 100 per cent. But I would tell him to stop tomorrow!’

Pellegrini admitted that City will come under huge pressure in one of the biggest matches in the club’s history, but promised not to curb his team’s attacking style.

Real Madrid: Injured Madrid superstar Cristiano Ronaldo watched from the stands last Tuesday but the three-time World Player of the Year and the Portuguese returned to training on Sunday. He has been in blistering form in the Champions League this season, scoring 16 goals in 10 appearances. Karim Benzema came off injured at half time in the first leg and is a mild doubt. Gareth Bale was also ineffective in the first leg but his thunderous header kept an under-strength Real in the chase for the La Liga title with a hard-fought 1-0 win at Real Sociedad on Saturday, their 10th league win in a row.

Manuel Pellegrini insists Manchester City will not become obsessed with Cristiano Ronaldo as they prepare to face Real Madrid at the Bernabeu for a place in the Champions League final.

Mystery surrounds the Portugal star’s fitness after he missed last week’s goalless first leg in Manchester with a hamstring injury despite assurances from Real boss Zinedine Zidane that he would be fit.

Ronaldo has reportedly been receiving stem cell treatment to play in the second leg, with Zidane once again claiming that the former Manchester United player will be able to start.

But Pellegrini, who coached Ronaldo during his first season in Spain, maintains that City will be ready whatever Madrid team they face on Wednesday night.

‘Cristiano will always be a different player,’ said the City boss. ‘He scores a lot of goals in the six years here, but I don’t think that Real Madrid is just Cristiano.

Yaya Toure is fit to face Real Madrid at the Bernabeu.

The Ivory Coast star's participation in the key clash had been under question as he has recently been struggling with a thigh problem.

The midfielder sat out last week's first leg and was not named in the squad for the Barclays Premier Leaguer defeat at Southampton either. Now, however, he looks set to hand City a boost.

Toure trained again on the eve of the Real Madrid trip and looked to be completely free of the niggle.

There are strong hopes that Toure should be fresh enough to make Manuel Pellegrini's bench and perhaps even start against Zinedine Zidane's Galacitcos.

When questioned on the likelihood of Toure's participation at the Bernabeu, Pellegrini remained coy.

'Yaya trained all week and is here, and fit,' was as far as he would stretch in response. Although he did reveal that Pablo Zabaleta would miss out.

The City boss added: 'The only injuries are Silva and Zabaleta – he has a muscle problem from the game at Southampton. The rest are fit.'

• Edited by: FL MEDIA GROUP

https in a web address .. what it means ?

If you see https, the session between the web server and the browser on the mobile device you are using is encrypted. You can easily identify web servers that have https configured by looking at the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) in the web address bar of your browser.Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (https) is a combination of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) with the Secure Socket Layer (SSL)/Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol. TLS is an authentication and security protocol widely implemented in browsers and Web servers. SSL works by using a public key to encrypt data transferred over the SSL connection. Most Web browsers support SSL. It allows you to communicate securely with the web server.

• Edited by: FL Media Group

Facebook records $5.38B in revenue !!

Facebook has announced financial results for Q1 2016. The social network has recorded $5.38B in revenue and about 79 percent of that revenue came from mobile advertising.

Facebook’s user base is also multiplying and the platform now has over 1.65 billion monthly active users (MAU) as of March 31, 2016. This is a 15% YoY increase. Meanwhile, daily active users (DAUs) were 1.09 billion, an increase of 16% YoY. On the other hand, Mobile DAUs were 989 million, an increase of 24% YoY and Mobile MAUs were 1.51 billion as, an increase of 21% YoY.

The social network’s mobile advertising revenue represented approximately 82% of advertising revenue for the first quarter of 2016, up from 73% of advertising revenue in the first quarter of 2015. Capital expenditures for the first quarter of 2016 were $1.13 billion while cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities were $20.62 billion at the end of the first quarter of 2016.

Advertising revenues rose to $5.2bn, with more than 80% coming from mobile.

Facebook's focus on live video attracted new advertisers, while sales on existing services also grew.

Mark Zuckerberg also requested that a new class of stock should be issued, so he can donate money from his shares to charity while maintaining control of the firm he founded.

The company said the move would "encourage Mr Zuckerberg to remain in an active leadership role at Facebook".

The results hugely exceeded Wall Street's already sky-high expectations, and Facebook shares rose by more than 9% in after-hours trading.

Going mobile

Sales for the quarter reached $5.4bn, up from $3.5bn last year.

The increased focus on mobile advertising seems to have paid off, rising to 82% of the company's revenues for the first quarter of 2016, up from 73% during the same period last year.

Total monthly active users (MAU) increased 15% from a year earlier to 1.65 billion, beating analysts' expectations.

And each user earned the company more money, an average of $3.32 against $2.50 last year.

Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg said in a statement:

Today, Facebook’s board of directors is announcing a proposal to create a new class of stock that will allow us to achieve both goals. I’ll be able to keep founder control of Facebook so we can continue to build for the long term, and Priscilla and I will be able to give our money to fund important work sooner. Right now, there are amazing scientists, educators and doctors around the world doing incredible work. We want to help them make a bigger difference today, not 30 or 40 years down the road.

Edited by: FL Media Pro

The University of Al Quaraouiyine

(dates back to the 9th century)

The University of Al Quaraouiyine is a university located in Fes, Morocco. It is the oldest existing, continually operating and the first degree awarding educational institution in the world according to UNESCO and Guinness World Records and is sometimes referred to as the oldest university. The Al Quaraouiyine mosque-religious school / college was founded by Fatima al-Fihri in 859 with an associated school, or madrasa, which subsequently became one of the leading spiritual and educational centers of the historic Muslim world. It was incorporated into Morocco's modern state university system in 1963. The claim of the university being the oldest in the world are subject to discussions as other institutions, such as the Zaytouna mosque-school founded in 703 in Tunis, predated the founding of Al Quaraouiyine. Al Quaraouiyine itself is named after the Qairaouan Mosque in Tunisia, the oldest mosque in the Maghreb and the cradle of the Muslim Maliki rite.

Education at Al Quaraouiyine University concentrates on the Islamic religious and legal sciences with a heavy emphasis on, and particular strengths inClassical Arabic grammar/linguistics and Maliki law, although a few lessons on other non-Islamic subjects such as French, English and IT are also offered to students. Teaching is delivered in the traditional method, in which students are seated in a semi-circle (halqa) around a sheikh, who prompts them to read sections of a particular text, asks them questions on particular points of grammar, law, or interpretation, and explains difficult points. Students from all over Morocco and Islamic West Africa attend the Qarawiyyin, although a few might come from as far afield as Muslim Central Asia. Even Spanish Muslim converts frequently attend the institution, largely attracted by the fact that the sheikhs of the Qarawiyyin, and Islamic scholarship in Morocco in general, are heirs to the rich religious and scholarly heritage of Muslim al-Andalus.

Most students at the Qarawiyyin range from between the ages of 13 and 30, and study towards high school-level diplomas and university-level bachelor's degrees, although Muslim males with a sufficiently high level of Arabic are also able to attend lecture circles on an informal basis, given the traditional category of visitors "in search of [religious and legal] knowledge" (zuwwaar li'l-talab fii 'ilm). In addition to being Muslim and male, prospective students of the Qarawiyyin are required to have memorized the Qur'an in full as well as several other shorter medieval Islamic texts on grammar and Maliki law, and in general to have a very good command of Classical Arabic...

After the death of the family’s father, Mohamed Ben Abdullah Al Fihri, who was a successful merchant, his only two daughters Meriam and fatima inherited his gigantic fortune. According to Dr. Abdelhadi Tazi, in his doctoral proposal, Fatima, known as Ummou Al Banin, meaning mothers of sons, dedicated her wealth with the approval of the Idrissi king Yahya I to build the mosque for her community. Being a pious woman, Fatima made an oath to keep fasting until the construction of the mosque was completed and made her first prayer in the mosque as an act of gratitude, and thankfulness to the Almighty.

Dating back to 859, the University is no doubt older than Egypt’s Azhar University (970) and its European counterparts: the University of Oxford, which is regarded as the oldest university in the English-speaking world (roughly founded in 1096), and University of Bologna (founded approximately in 1088). The historic university of Fez is actually recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the oldest degree-granting university in the world. Moreover, UNESCO considers Al-Karaouine to have been a university since its founding.

Originally founded as a mosque, with an associated mosque school (madrasa) for the purpose of providing a place for the community to practice their religious rituals in comfort, the place of worship soon developed other functions. It became a place of religious instruction and Quran memorization, Arabic grammar, mathematics, music, chemistry, islamic legislation, Sufism, medicines, astronomy, as well to study political debate and lessons focusing mainly on the natural sciences. The mosque later on set-up the rest of its urban infrastructure. It was surrounded by places of lodging, businesses, “Hamams” – steam rooms, schools, etc. many of which still function properly today.

After the construction of the mosque, the scholars of Fez were able to make it a better place for education and scientific research that attracted many students from different parts of the world. Thanks to the successive dynasties that governed the city of Fez, Al Karaouin mosque was expanded until it became the largest in Africa, with a capacity of 22,000 worshipers, and turned into a scientific center advancing the prestigious educational centers in Cordoba and Baghdad.

Culture and Knowledge

In the Middle Ages, the University of Al Karaouin played a significant role in the mediation of culture and knowledge between Muslims and Europeans. In the fourteenth century, 8000 students from the Maghreb and Egypt were trained in Fez. The university also played an important role in spreading the teachings of Maliki School, one of four Sunni Islamic sects, which has adopted the doctrine of Imam Malik ibn Anas, in all the regions of North Africa.

The university was under the patronage of the Governor of Morocco and only the sultan could appoint teachers. However, the students were allowed to choose their teachers and curricula. Many famous scientists from the Islamic world namely Ibn Khaldun (founder of sociology) and some European scientists have studied at this university. In the West, the most famous alumnus is probably Pope Sylvester II, who made known in Europe Arab numbers, culture and sciences including mathematics and astronomy.

During the colonial period, serious political decision-making, like allegiance, colonial resistance and war and peace, was made in the form of a petition signed by Al Karaouine scholars. The university took on a position of resistance and defiance to the colonizers. That was why the French occupiers to Morocco then called Al Karaouin the “dark house.” More than that, the endowments of Al Karaouin were considered a reserve for supporting Morocco in the face of any economic crisis emergency.

Among the most fascinating traditions of the university was the “caliph of one hour.” At the eve of spring, Al Karaouin would organize a party like a carnival where students chose among themselves a governor for a week, from Friday to Friday. The elected student had the privilege to meet with the real king for an hour and had the right to discuss political and religious affairs as well as communicate his own thoughts openly with the king with no fear of oppression.

Since its foundation, Al Karaouin has served as one of the leading spiritual and educational centers of the Muslim world. Its financial independence has been a strong advantage, for it that has helped the university keep the same high quality services in spite of weary times and harsh events that had shaken the stability of Morocco...

Al Quaraouiyine was founded with an associated school, or madrasa, in 859 by Fatima al-Fihri, the daughter of a wealthy merchant named Mohammed Al-Fihri. The Al-Fihri family had migrated from Kairouan (hence the name of the mosque), Tunisia to Fes in the early 9th century, joining a community of other migrants from Kairouan who had settled in a western district of the city. Fatima and her sister Mariam, both of whom were well educated, inherited a large amount of money from their father. Fatima vowed to spend her entire inheritance on the construction of a mosque suitable for her community.

In some sources, the medieval madrasa is described as a "university" in one Rough Guide book even as vying with Al-Azhar in Cairo "for the title of world's oldest university".

Some scholars, noting certain parallels between such madrasas and European medieval universities, have proposed that the latter may have been influenced by the madrasas of Islamic Spain and the Emirate of Sicily. Other scholars have questioned this, citing the lack of evidence for an actual transmission from the Islamic world to Christian Europe and highlighting the differences in the structure, methodologies, procedures, curricula and legal status of the "Islamic college" (madrasa) versus the European university.

Al Quaraouiyine gained the patronage of politically powerful sultans. It compiled a large selection of manuscripts that were kept at a library founded by the Marinid Sultan Abu Inan Faris in 1349. Among the most precious manuscripts currently housed in the library are volumes from the famous Al-Muwatta of Malik written on gazelle parchment, the Sirat Ibn Ishaq, a copy of the Qur'an given by Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur in 1602, and the original copy of Ibn Khaldun's book Al-'Ibar. Among the subjects taught, alongside the Qur'an and Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), are grammar, rhetoric, logic, medicine, mathematics, astronomy.

The twelfth century cartographer Mohammed al-Idrisi, whose maps aided European exploration in the Renaissance is said to have lived in Fes for some time, suggesting that he may have worked or studied at Al Quaraouiyine. The madrasa has produced numerous scholars who have strongly influenced the intellectual and academic history of the Muslim world. Among these are Ibn Rushayd al-Sabti (d. 1321), Mohammed Ibn al-Hajj al-Abdari al-Fasi (d. 1336), Abu Imran al-Fasi (d. 1015), a leading theorist of the Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence, Leo Africanus, a renowned traveler and writer. Pioneer scholars such as Al-Idrissi (d.1166 AD), Ibn al-Arabi (1165-1240 AD), Ibn Khaldun (1332-1395 AD), Ibn al-Khatib, Al-Bitruji (Alpetragius),Ibn Hirzihim, and Al-Wazzan were all connected with the madrasa either as students or lecturers. Among Christian scholars visiting Al Quaraouiyine were the Belgian Nicolas Cleynaerts and the Dutchman Golius and Pope Sylvester II

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• Edited by: FL Media Pro

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